Multi-resource and autonomous hierarchical brokering platform to enable slice resource exchange among heterogeneous network tenants

ABSTRACT

A method for enabling dynamic resource ownership transfer among network slice tenants includes acquiring an initial share of resources, admitting a plurality of tenants to a private blockchain platform, initiating a resource transaction process within a consortium of peer nodes, and validating proposed transactions in a distributed and automatized way. An infrastructure provider (InP) provides a mobile network that is virtually divided into a set of slices, and an intermediate broker (IB) regulates transactions, executed via a blockchain, by which resources are distributed between tenants. A smart contract (SC) running within the blockchain implements resource auditing among tenants and enforces IB-specific policies in managing transfers of the resources between the tenants. A consensus algorithm validates the transactions, and the infrastructure provider (InP) processes validated transactions and enforces transaction directives in the resource allocation process.

FIELD

The present invention relates to methods and systems for allocatingnetwork resources in a mobile network infrastructure, and moreparticularly, to the decentralized allocation of network resources in amobile network infrastructure.

BACKGROUND

The network slicing paradigm enables third-party service providers torun applications on top of modular mobile architectures in order toreach their end-users. The end-to-end service provisioning is guaranteedthrough advanced and dynamic resource allocation schemes and through thedefinition of dedicated performance metrics which, in their finaldescription, translate service requirements into allocation of physicaland virtualized networking resources.

The infrastructure provider (InP) owns the mobile network, i.e., the setof radio base stations (e.g. eNBs), communication lines, and theinformation technology (IT) facilities running the authentication andmobility management processes aimed at providing the connectivityservice. The InP is also responsible for the management and maintenanceof the mobile network. Slice tenants, e.g. vertical market softwareprovides and over-the-top (OTT) service providers, can embrace themobile ecosystem and explore novel sources of revenue, overcoming thetraditional connectivity services in favor of dedicated virtual networkinstances, or slices, customized to meet specific service requirementsand performance.

In the service model envisioned by 5th generation (5G) mobile networks,slice tenants can interact with the InP, request a quota of networkresources, and choose a set of traffic management mechanisms to supporttheir service provisioning. The InP is then in charge of instructing themobile network infrastructure with the required settings. Finally,tenants pay the InP for hosting their service according, e.g., to theamount of reserved resources. See, e.g., WO 2017/140356. While it isenvisioned that the network slice market will unlock a wide set ofbusiness opportunities, the management of a multitude of relativelysmall network slices introduces additional complexity into theorchestration process (due, e.g., to the increase in requests that thesystem needs to be able to handle). Furthermore, if the network slicesare geographically constrained—as is often the case with small businessindustries and factories—local monitoring solutions may be necessary toensure that the service level agreement (SLA) guarantees are satisfiedthereby further increasing complexity into the orchestration process.

In this context, the role of the InP can be analogized to the role of awholesaler. From the perspective of the InP, it is preferable to dealwith the exchange of large quantities of goods (i.e. network resources)to intermediate resellers rather than trade small quantities directlywith the end-user (which would entail a significant increase inmanagement costs). Thus, this opens the market to 3rd-party entitieswilling to play the role of retailers (e.g. mobile virtual networkoperators (MVNOs), municipalities in the case of public events, highwayoperators, and factories)—which may buy a quota of network resourcesfrom the InP and re-sell it to end-users, e.g. network slice tenants.Such business entities can be referred to as intermediate brokers (IBs).In this manner, a network slicing economy can be envisioned as an openmarket where tenants can select the IB that best suits theirrequirements, e.g., better price, thus leading at the creation of aconsortia of tenants managed by the same IB.

Recently, the highly trusted environment provided by the blockchain hasbeen exploited to discourage over-committing issues during thenegotiation of service level agreements (SLAs) and frequency channelassignments between InP and MVNOs. See, e.g., D. B. Rawat and A.Alshaikhi, “Leveraging Distributed Blockchain-based Scheme for WirelessNetwork Virtualization with Security and QoS Constraints,” inInternational Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications(ICNC), March 2018, pp. 332-336. Such work has focused on RAN-specificresource negotiation without considering other network domains.

Moreover, a study on the leasing ledger concept proposing blockchaintechnology as a means to overcome absence of trust in data managementand satisfy the need for automated solutions in industrial networkfacilities has recently been conducted. See, e.g., J. Backman, S. Yrjl,K. Valtanen, and O. Mmmel, “Blockchain Network Slice Broker in 5G: Sliceleasing in factory of the future use case,” in Internet of ThingsBusiness Models, Users, and Networks, November 2017.

However, neither of the above-mentioned solutions envisions any sliceresource transfer among tenants in a secure manner nor discloses anyintermediate broker to efficiently manage networking and computationalresources.

In a framework proposed by other recent work, a network slice isenvisioned as a composition of sub-slices, where each sub-slicerepresents the set of networking resources and functionalities of anadministrative or technological domain. See, e.g., B. Nour, A. Ksentini,N. Herbaut, P. A. Frangoudis and H. Moungla, “A Blockchain-Based NetworkSlice Broker for 5G Services,” in IEEE Networking Letters, vol. 1, no.3, pp. 99-102, September 2019. When stitched together, the sub-slicescreate an end-to-end slice carrying a dedicated 5G network service. Itshould be noticed that slice requests are transferred by means of apublic (permission-less) blockchain infrastructure, and that the slicebrokering mechanism proposed therein implies that for every slice querya set of contracts (one for each sub-slice) must be generated andnegotiated among different resource providers. However, such an approachdoes not guarantee the actual satisfaction of the initial slice requestnor a successful deployment, and said recent work does not disclose anyinformation about how to deal with the absence of resources oroverly-expensive Sub-Slice Deployment Costs (SSDCs).

Finally, other recent work proposes and discusses the applicability ofthe micro-operator concept to local ultra-dense networks. See, e.g., M.Matinmikko-Blue, S. Yrjoelae and M. Latva-aho, “Micro Operators forUltra-Dense Network Deployment with Network Slicing and Spectrum MicroLicensing,” 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring),Porto, 2018. The micro-operator concept allows new stakeholders to takethe micro operator role and deploy an ultra-dense small cell radioaccess network (RAN) in specific locations and establish a fullyfunctional network, tailored for a specific service delivery, incollaboration with various infrastructure service providers. A microoperator can install and manage local wireless network and roamingcontracts with e.g., mobile network operators (MNOs) in differentlocations such as factories, campuses, malls, and sports arenas. Tosupport this concept, said recent work suggests evolving the currentspectrum licensing model (which grants MNOs a limited number oflong-term spectrum access rights to deploy mobile communicationnetworks) in a more open and flexible scheme (namely through microlicensing) thus finally opening the market to non-MNO business-players.However, said recent work does not provide any detail or information onhow to manage the negotiation of spectrum shares among differententities nor tackle practical problems, e.g., avoiding frequencyinterference or bandwidth interference with existing technologies, toachieve a complete solution. Instead, said recent work only focuses onradio access aspects, neglecting other networking domains which areimportant for the establishment of end-to-end services with performanceguarantees.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, a method is provided for enabling dynamicresource ownership transfer among network slice tenants. The methodincludes acquiring an initial share of resources, admitting a pluralityof tenants to a private blockchain platform, initiating a resourcetransaction process within a consortium of peer nodes, and validatingproposed transactions in a distributed and automatized way. Aninfrastructure provider (InP) provides a mobile network that isvirtually divided into a set of slices, and an intermediate broker (IB)regulates transactions, executed via a blockchain, by which resourcesare distributed between tenants. A smart contract (SC) running withinthe blockchain implements resource auditing among tenants and enforcesIB-specific policies in managing transfers of the resources between thetenants. A consensus algorithm validates the transactions, and theinfrastructure provider (InP) processes validated transactions andenforces transaction directives in the resource allocation process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in even greaterdetail below based on the exemplary figures. The present invention isnot limited to the exemplary embodiments. All features described and/orillustrated herein can be used alone or combined in differentcombinations in embodiments of the present invention. The features andadvantages of various embodiments of the present invention will becomeapparent by reading the following detailed description with reference tothe attached drawings which illustrate the following:

FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture including multiple entities involvedin the slice brokerage process according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an overall workflow for a decentralized networkresource brokering process according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3a illustrates a simplified structure of a resource advertisementmessage according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3b illustrates a simplified structure of a resource request messageaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3c illustrates a simplified structure of a transaction proposalmessage according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates the transfer of ownership of a resource set from onetenant to another according to an embodiment of the invention byinvoking a transaction on a blockchain;

FIG. 5 illustrates a process for performing dynamic resource ownershiptransfer among network slice tenants;

FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrates the exchange of resource advertisement,resource request, and transaction proposal messages according toembodiments; and

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary processing system, which canbe configured to perform any and all operations disclosed herein;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The network slicing paradigm enables InPs to profit from their owninfrastructure by offering different dedicated virtualized mobileinstances to tenants. In a dynamic network slice ecosystem, dynamic andreal-time resource allocation over the mobile network must be supported.In fast-changing scenarios, even tenants' requirements may vary as aresult of external causes, e.g., end-users' mobility, therebypotentially leaving tenants with under- and/or over-provisioned networkslices and the need to acquire or release resources. The assignment ofnetwork resources to tenants in these cases requires that the resourceallocation process dynamically adjust to tenants' demandvariations—especially for real-time use-cases.

However, in order to avoid conflicts when different tenants share thesame mobile infrastructure (i.e. network and computing resources),dispute resolution mechanisms must be in place in order to validate newrequests against long-running policies and instructions before such newrequests are enforced. In order to identify solutions for mobileinfrastructure sharing, current solutions require long negotiationprocesses—which hardly satisfy the short time-to-market deploymentrequirements of 5G use cases (i.e. the need of 3rd party industries todeploy services and/or applications at the InP premises and allowend-users to access said services and/or applications with limiteddelay). In addition, current mobile infrastructure sharing solutions aresusceptible to unaddressed security threats. Furthermore, current mobileinfrastructure sharing solutions require a one-to-one negotiation thatprevents efficient assignment and management of resources (both networkresources and computational resources) within a multi-tenantenvironment.

In particular, prior art mobile network management systems and methodsare limited by several technical issues in their ability to providenetwork slicing configurations that can adapt, in real-time, tovariations in network resource demand. First of all, prior art systemsand methods rely on a centralized management entity for the negotiationof any reallocation of network resources from one network slice toanother, i.e. to reassign network resources from one 3^(rd) partyservice provider to another. The reliance on a centralized managemententity results in a greater than necessary amount of network bandwidthbeing consumed by messages that are transmitted between the centralizedmanagement entity, 3^(rd) parry service providers who wish to acquireadditional resources, and 3^(rd) party service providers who wish torelease network resources with which they have previously been provided.Furthermore, when a centralized management entity is responsible forreassigning network resources from an initial allocation to an updatedallocation that is responsive to current network resource demands,complicated network optimization problems arise that requireconsiderable computational power to solve in a centralized manner. Inorder to efficiently solve such optimization problems, rigid constraintsmay be placed on the form of solutions to such problems thereby limitingthe flexibility with which network resources can be reassigned. Finally,longer than necessary delays in implementing the reallocation ofresources result from exchanging a greater than necessary number ofcommunications in negotiating the reallocation and from solving thecomplicated network optimization problems. The collective impact of suchproblems is to limit both the efficacy and expediency with which networkresource allocations to multiple network slices can be updated toaccount for fluctuations in demand.

The present disclosure describes frameworks that allow multiplestakeholders to operate a slice resource brokering system and to assignand validate appropriate resource usage levels in order to meet thetime-varying network resource demands of tenants. The frameworks allow achain of network resource loans to be negotiated in a secure, automated,transparent, and fast way, such that the life cycle of each slice is notaffected. In particular, the present disclosure describes frameworksthat enable individual network slice tenants (and IBs) to negotiatedirectly with one another for the reallocation of network resources. Bydecentralizing the resource reallocation decision making from acentralized entity to the individual network slice tenants and/or IBs,both the network bandwidth and the network computational power requiredfor network resource management operations are reduced. Furthermore,decentralizing the resource reallocation decision making from acentralized entity to the individual network slice tenants and/or IBsadditionally increases the flexibility with which network resources canbe reallocated (by, e.g., allowing individual network slice tenants tospecify an amount of resources to acquire/release). In addition,decentralizing the resource reallocation decision making provides asignificant decrease in the time required to execute resourcereallocation operations thereby rendering the network more responsive toreal-time fluctuations in network resource demand. As a result, theframeworks described by the present disclosure increase the overallnetwork resource utilization rate and thus allow for an increase in theservice level provided by a static amount of network resources.

The present disclosure describes the use of blockchain technology fornegotiation of mobile infrastructure sharing solutions. Blockchaintechnology is a candidate that satisfies numerous requirements of 5G usecases. Due to its decentralized nature, the distributed ledger providedby the blockchain enables all members of the system (who can include butmay not be limited to the network tenants that subscribe to the servicesof a particular MNO and/or IB as well as one or more IBs who facilitatethe exchange of network resources) to be aware of both current and pastnetwork resource availability and to be informed, in real-time, of thedynamic exchange of resources. The blockchain provides such informationto system members through a hash-chain of blocks containing the ongoingtransactions. This enables all system members to be aware of allinformation contained in the blockchain.

The present disclosure describes a framework based on a permissionedmulti-resource blockchain that allows heterogeneous tenants toautonomously negotiate mobile network resource shares (e.g. networkslices) within an intermediate broker (TB) domain—and to do so in asecure, automated, and scalable way. The framework further solvesdisputes that may arise when multiple parties contend for the sameshared resources.

Secure resource exchange can be guaranteed by smart contracts (SCs) anddistributed consensus algorithms, allowing the system to evolveautonomously and without the need of centralized authorities ormechanisms to control the transactions via which resources are exchangedbetween different parties. In the blockchain context, SCs can be used toautomatize the exchange of assets in reply to trigger events. A smartcontract can be defined as an agent that translates contractual clausesinto self-enforcing software thereby minimizing—or eliminating—the needfor trusted intermediaries. SCs are stored in the blockchain andprovided with a unique address, making them easy to be reached by allpeers in the network and allowing them to inherit useful securityfeatures like distributed consensus agreements to prevent fraudulentusage.

Slice-brokering can be accomplished by considering all the physical andvirtualized networking resources belonging to a particular mobilenetwork operator (MNO) as a single infrastructure domain—even if theslice-brokering is not strictly limited thereto. For example, physicaland virtualized networking resources belonging to multiple entities,e.g. multiple MNOs, could be deemed to belong to a single infrastructuredomain for the purposes of effecting the slice-brokering. Themulti-resource private (permissioned) blockchain infrastructure can dealwith the exchange of resources, made pursuant to resource requests andresource advertisements, within already admitted and running slices. Aresource request is, e.g., a bid to acquire network resources for apredefined period of time, and a resource advertisement is, e.g., anoffer to provide/loan network resources for a predefined period of time.With this approach, the overall ecosystem can realize, from a reductionof the overall system complexity (as compared with state-of-the-artsystems that rely on a centralized entity to manage resource exchanges),benefits in the form of, e.g., of faster exchange of network resourcesas well as from an increase in security (as all business entities areauthenticated before admission).

The present disclosure further describes the negotiation of all thetechnological domains of a mobile network deployment—even with finegranularity—thereby providing a flexible, multi-resource negotiationprocedure.

The present invention provides systems and processes that presenttechnical mechanisms that enable new business models in the context ofnetwork slicing. More specifically, the systems and processes providedby the present invention achieve technical advantages by enabling aconsortium of slice tenants and/or IBs to administrate and manageintra-slice and/or inter-slice resource brokering processes in a dynamicand secure manner without the need of a centralized control authority.In particular, the systems and processes provided by the presentinvention achieve such technical advantages by utilizing ablockchain-based system that implements a consensus algorithm.

Embodiments of the present invention provide hierarchical systems thatimplement a multi-resource blockchain architecture and enable dynamicresource exchange (networking and computing resources) among networktenants by exploiting transaction directives. Embodiments of theinvention additionally provide systems in which network tenants are ableto negotiate mobile network resource shares based on requirements oftheir own applications in an autonomous fashion through a secure anddistributed framework, in order to maximize the cost-efficiency ofnetwork resources usage as well as corresponding revenues.

Embodiments of the present invention exploit blockchain technology totransfer ownership of virtualized network resources among a consortiumof stakeholders. In this manner, network slice tenants can performresource brokering directly with one another. Broadly speaking, ablockchain is a distributed data structure that is shared among multiplemembers of a network. Each block stores information about a set oftransactions, e.g. a timestamp, an amount of a good exchanged, partnersinvolved in the transaction, and, most importantly, a reference to theprevious block of the chain (usually the hash of its content). Thecreation of new blocks involves secure cryptographic mechanisms thatmake the chain unalterable and safe against fraudulent attacks. Thecontent of a blockchain database is broadcast and updated in adecentralized manner. The absence of centralized control provides for anadvantage in the form of data transparency.

The use of a private blockchain with permissioned access (as opposed toa public blockchain) is preferable to maintain high security levels inthe context of an enterprise facility such as that represented by amobile network infrastructure. Furthermore, private blockchains withpermissioned access do not require energy consuming activities relatedto block validation processes—which have been identified as one of themain drawbacks of public blockchains. In addition, the use of a privateblockchain with permissioned access enables the assumption that peernodes admitted in the system are trustworthy (i.e. not malicious) andrational (i.e. profit driven).

SCs can be exploited to guarantee reliable auditing and enforceIB-specific policies in the management of requests. For example, one IBmay decide to auction a share of resources or simply sell them to thefirst come tenant. Peer nodes can invoke a SC by sending transactions toits address. For example, in proposing a new transaction in the system,a node can insert the contract address as the recipient address of thetransaction. To validate the resource exchange, all the peer entitiesexecute the code using, for example, transaction payloads and a currentsystem state as input arguments of the call. The participation at theconsensus protocol assures that the new output ledger comes from validtransactions.

When new transaction proposals flow into the system, they must bevalidated by peer nodes and written in a new block of the blockchain (soas to be broadcast to the other members of the system). The process ofvalidating transaction proposals by distributed peer nodes is commonlyreferred to as “consensus,” and its implementation is defined in a“consensus protocol”—which involves multiple computational nodes (i.e.the peer nodes) handling an overall message exchange in a distributedway. As the solutions described herein utilize a private blockchain, therequired consensus algorithms can be less complex than those utilized inpublic blockchains. This results, from an IT perspective, in a reductionin a number of peer nodes required to run the system. Nevertheless, suchnodes must be present in the blockchain system and, for securitypurposes, such nodes should belong to different system entities(tenants, IBs, or even third parties). This assures that multipleindependent entities evaluate transaction proposals thereby reducing thepossibility of fraudulent behaviors.

Being that the output of the negotiation process is immutable due to thedistributed validation process, tenants within a blockchain system aredirectly responsible for the management of their transaction requests(e.g. transaction requests cannot be withdrawn once issued). At the sametime, the immutability feature assists in solving disputes related toaccounting and/or management of resources. All the details related to asingle transaction, including, e.g., the set of allocated resources andthe time period, are stored within the blockchain and cannot becontested.

In order to enable dynamic resource exchange among tenants, a dedicatedblockchain must be set up for every consortium. In this scenario, the IBwill act as a regulator and will be in charge of overseeing the entirenetwork setup and enforce specific policies by means of SCs, e.g. thoserelated to negotiation and transaction processes. See, e.g., W. Li, A.Sforzin, S. Fedorov, G. O. Karame, “Towards Scalable and PrivateIndustrial Blockchains”, Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Blockchain,Cryptocurrencies and Contracts (BCC), pp. 9-14, April 2017

Each IB b_(n) deploys the first block of the respective blockchain andstores a registry of resources on it. The first block containsinformation related to available network resources and is used as afoundation for further resource exchange among tenants. Specifically,the registry of resources reflects an amount of resources allocated bythe InP to the IB b_(n). Establishing the exact resources allocated bythe InP to the IB b_(n) is necessary to avoid over-selling of resources.Each IB b_(n) can define its leasing policies and code them in a set ofSCs that are then available to peer nodes (i.e. the permissioned networkslice tenants) on the blockchain. Finally, the IB b_(n) oversees aninitial assignment of the allocated resources to incoming tenants.

Upon creation of a private exchange domain (i.e. a software platformthat allows tenants participating in the blockchain to exchangetransaction requests), network slice requests can be dispatched amongthe network of peers. According to their real-time requirements, atenant may decide to publish a resource advertisement or a resourcerequest message. In the case of the former (a resource advertisement),the current owner of a resource or set of resources decides to offer theresource or set of resources, or a share thereof, to the other tenantsparticipating in the market. In the case of the latter (a resourcerequest message), a tenant broadcasts its need for additional resourcesto other tenants that may be interested in leasing a portion of theirquota of resources, i.e. the resources allocated by the IB. To guaranteeauthentication, each message (i.e. resource advertisement or resourcerequest message) is signed with a private key of the sender (i.e.advertising or requesting tenant) and uniquely identified by an IDnumber.

The network slicing brokerage system described herein must deal withmulti-domain resource allocation problems. A resource request fromtenant t can be defined as a tuple θ_(t)={ρ, τ, γ}, where ρ,τ,γrepresenta percentage of initially assigned radio access, transport, and corecloud resources, respectively. As the initial assignment of radioaccess, transport, and core cloud resources to all tenants are known toall other tenants from information provided in the first block, mappingthe percentage of initially assigned resources to absolute amounts ofresources (e.g. in the form of physical resource blocks, transportbandwidth, CPU power and RAM) can be easily derived. The SCs by whichtransactions for the exchange of resources are executed verify theavailability of resources of the tenants involved in each transaction.Transactions do not go through if the party offering to provide networkresources does not actually possess the resources required to satisfythe resource request across every dimension—e.g. radio access,transport, and core cloud resources. In other words, if the partyoffering to provide network resources possesses sufficient radio accessresources to satisfy a resource request but does not possess sufficientcloud resources to satisfy the request, the transaction is dropped.However, the decisions tenants to request more resources or offer itsown resources are individual.

The network slicing brokerage system described herein does not imposeany limitation over the nature of the resources that are exchanged, andthat the proposed resource request messages can be extended to includeadditional intra-domain resource specifications. For example, a resourcerequest message could be extended to indicate a tenant's desire toacquire or lease only RAN resources at the edge of a network, e.g., fordelay sensitive applications, or alternatively, a tenant's desire toacquire or lease cloud resources, e.g., storage and processing power fordata analytic applications—possibly in the context of the internet ofthings (IoT) applications.

The network slicing brokerage system described herein provides for aresource set to be transferred from one tenant to another by invoking atransaction on the blockchain. The transaction is validated only if allthe relevant parties agree. Specifically, validation requiresestablishing a consensus among peer nodes. When dealing with consensusalgorithms, a trade-off between transaction throughput and latency mustbe considered. For this reason, the network slicing brokerage systemdescribed herein enables each IB b_(n) to choose a preferred method forestablishing consensus (i.e. a preferred consensus algorithm) accordingto service latency and security requirements. In the context of apermissioned framework for a mobile network infrastructure, the use ofrelatively light consensus mechanisms (e.g. the practical Byzantinefault tolerance (PBFT) or Kafka consensus protocols) provide adequatesecurity while providing fast convergence to a common agreement therebyenabling rapid exchange of resources.

A blockchain can be seen as a transaction-based state machine, where itsstate is updated every time consensus is reached on a set oftransactions. To this aim, orderer nodes can be introduced and exploitedto collect and order, by time, the proposed transactions. These nodesare usually not involved in the validation steps, but they allowdecoupling and parallel processing of ordering and validationfunctionalities thereby improving the overall system efficiency.

In addition to enabling a more dynamic market for trading networkinfrastructure resources, blockchain technology also facilitates theaccounting of different resources exchanged over time. From the InPperspective, this simplifies the billing management process as eachblock of transactions stored in the chain includes precise indicationsof the type of resources exchanged and the corresponding time windowutilization.

According to embodiments of the invention, systems and processes areprovided whereby tenants of a network slice can execute intra-sliceresource transfer transactions via a permissioned blockchain.Specifically, tenants can publish, according to their real-timerequirements, a resource advertisement or a resource request message. Incase of the former (i.e. a resource advertisement), a current owner ofresources (resource owner tenant) decides to release some share of saidresources thereby making that share of resources available on themarket. In case of the latter (i.e. a resource request message), atenant broadcasts a need for additional resources to other tenants whomay be interested in providing some share of an assigned quota ofresources. To guarantee authentication, each message (i.e. resourceadvertisement or resource request message) is signed with a private keyof the sender and uniquely identified by an ID number. In suchembodiments, SCs are utilized to guarantee reliable auditing andenforcement of IB-specific policies in the management of requests.Furthermore, the IBs are not required to establish any specific mannerof transferring slice resources, e.g. auction, first-come-first-serve,etc. In the systems and processes provided according to suchembodiments, the IB reads a chain of slice transactions and changes thescheduling policy according to the new network resource allocation aftera transfer phase is completed.

According to further embodiments of the invention, systems and processesare provided in which that IBs and an InP are permissioned users of aprivate blockchain via which inter-slice resource transfer transactionscan be executed. In such embodiments, IBs can issue resourceadvertisements or resource request messages whereby they offer availableresources or acquire additional resources according to their real-timeneeds. To guarantee authentication, each message (i.e. resourceadvertisement or resource request) is signed with a private key of thesender IB and uniquely identified by an ID number. In such systems andprocesses, the InP only needs to deal with a limited number of parties(specifically, the permissioned IBs). Furthermore, such systems andprocesses for inter-slice resource transfer need not place anylimitations on the type of transactions via which resources aretransferred. After a resource transfer or auction phase, the InP canread the chain of transactions and enforce a new scheduling policyaccording to the resulting network resource distribution.

According to additional embodiments of the invention, systems andprocesses are provided in which both tenants and IBs are permissionedusers of a private blockchain via which both intra-slice and inter-sliceresource transfer transactions can be executed. In such systems andprocesses, both IBs and respective tenants are permissioned users of thesame blockchain and can issue resource advertisements or resourcerequest messages at the same time. The request or release of resourcesby a respective IB is automatically managed by SCs running in theblockchain that are aware of and take into account the total resourcesallocated to tenants of that respective IB. Moreover, such resources canbe obtained by an exchange with other IBs or from the InP. In suchsystems and processes, the InP only needs to deal with a limited numberof parties (specifically, the permissioned IBs), while allowing for themaximum efficiency in terms of tenants' real-time requirementsatisfaction and network resource utilization.

According to an embodiment, a method for enabling dynamic resourceownership transfer among network slice tenants is provided. The methodincludes acquiring an initial share of resources, admitting a pluralityof tenants to a private blockchain platform, initiating a resourcetransaction process within a consortium of peer nodes, and validatingproposed transactions in a distributed and automatized way. Aninfrastructure provider (InP) provides a mobile network that isvirtually divided into a set of slices, and an intermediate broker (IB)regulates transactions, executed via a blockchain, by which resourcesare distributed between tenants. A smart contract (SC) running withinthe blockchain implements resource auditing among tenants and enforcesIB-specific policies in managing transfers of the resources between thetenants. A consensus algorithm validates the transactions, and theinfrastructure provider (InP) processes validated transactions andenforces transaction directives in the resource allocation process.

According to an implementation of the method, acquiring an initial shareof resources from the InP includes receiving a resource registry fromthe InP.

According to an implementation of the method, admitting the plurality oftenants to the private blockchain platform includes creating a firstblock of a private blockchain of the private blockchain platform. Theresource registry reflects the initial share of resources received fromthe InP.

According to an implementation of the method, the private blockchainplatform includes smart contracts, a consensus algorithm, and a tenantaccess application.

According to an implementation of the method, the smart contractsfacilitate the resource transaction process in a manner that ensuresthat no resource allocation policies are violated.

According to an implementation of the method, the resource transactionprocess is initiated by receiving, via the tenant access application, aplurality of resource advertisement and/or resource request messages.

According to an implementation of the method, each of the resourceadvertisement and/or resource request messages includes a public key ofa tenant who issued the message.

According to an implementation of the method, tenants indicate, via thetenant access application, consent to acquire advertised resourcesand/or to provide requested resources in response to the resourceadvertisement and/or resource request messages thereby initiating smartcontracts.

According to an implementation of the method, the initiated smartcontracts generate transaction response messages.

According to an implementation of the method, the transaction responsemessages include a message ID that identifies a resource advertisementor resource request message and a public key of a tenant that indicatedconsent to acquire the advertised resources or provide requestedresources in response to the resource advertisement or resource requestmessage.

According to an implementation of the method, the transaction responsemessage further includes a response ID and a timestamp.

According to an implementation of the method, the consensus algorithm isspecified in the private blockchain platform.

According to an implementation of the method, the consensus algorithm ispartial Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) or Kafka.

According to an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable mediumhaving stored thereon computer executable instructions for performing amethod for enabling dynamic resource ownership transfer among networkslice tenants is provided. The method includes acquiring an initialshare of resources, admitting a plurality of tenants to a privateblockchain platform, initiating a resource transaction process within aconsortium of peer nodes, and validating proposed transactions in adistributed and automatized way. An infrastructure provider (InP)provides a mobile network that is virtually divided into a set ofslices, and an intermediate broker (IB) regulates transactions, executedvia a blockchain, by which resources are distributed between tenants. Asmart contract (SC) running within the blockchain implements resourceauditing among tenants and enforces IB-specific policies in managingtransfers of the resources between the tenants. A consensus algorithmvalidates the transactions, and the infrastructure provider (InP)processes validated transactions and enforces transaction directives inthe resource allocation process.

According to an embodiment, a resource allocation server is providedthat includes a non-transitory computer readable medium having storedthereon computer executable instructions for performing a method forenabling dynamic resource ownership transfer among network slicetenants. The method includes acquiring an initial share of resources,admitting a plurality of tenants to a private blockchain platform,initiating a resource transaction process within a consortium of peernodes, and validating proposed transactions in a distributed andautomatized way. An infrastructure provider (InP) provides a mobilenetwork that is virtually divided into a set of slices, and anintermediate broker (IB) regulates transactions, executed via ablockchain, by which resources are distributed between tenants. A smartcontract (SC) running within the blockchain implements resource auditingamong tenants and enforces IB-specific policies in managing transfers ofthe resources between the tenants. A consensus algorithm validates thetransactions, and the infrastructure provider (InP) processes validatedtransactions and enforces transaction directives in the resourceallocation process.

FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture including multiple entities involvedin the slice brokerage process according to an embodiment of theinvention. The architecture illustrated in FIG. 1 includes aninfrastructure provider (InP) 110, an intermediate broker (IB) 120, aconsortium blockchain 130, and a tenants' resource exchange 140. The InP110 includes a monitoring processing system 112 and a resourceallocation processing system 114. The monitoring processing system 112and the resource allocation processing system 114 can, according todifferent variations, be the same processing system, be processingsystems that share various components, or be mutually exclusiveprocessing systems. The IB 120 includes a policy enforcer processingsystem 122, a monitoring and billing processing system 124, and aresource management processing system 126. The policy enforcerprocessing system 122, the monitoring and billing processing system 124,and the resource management processing system 126 can, according todifferent variations, be the same processing system, be processingsystems that share various components, or be mutually exclusiveprocessing systems.

The architecture illustrated in FIG. 1 additionally includes theconsortium blockchain 130, an instance of which is maintained by each ofa plurality of permissioned tenants and by the IB 120. The consortiumblockchain 130 includes smart contracts (SCs) 132, a consensus algorithm134 (e.g. pBFT or Kafka consensus protocols), and blocks 136. Inaddition, the consortium blockchain 130 includes tenant accessapplication 138. Furthermore, the architecture illustrated in FIG. 1includes tenants' resource exchange 140. In the tenants' resourceexchange, different tenants (e.g. Tenant 1 142 and Tenant 2 144) canexchange ownership/control of resources via proposed transactions 146that are verified via the consortium blockchain 130 and then added tothe consortium blockchain 130 via publication of a new block(represented as element 148).

FIG. 2 illustrates an overall workflow for a decentralized networkresource brokering process according to an embodiment of the invention.The workflow illustrated in FIG. 2 involves the InP 110, the IB 120, anda tenants consortium 150—which includes Tenant 1 142 and Tenant 2 144.At step 1 of the workflow illustrated in FIG. 2, the InP 110 provides aninitial lease of a set of resources to the IB 120. At step 2 of theworkflow, the IB 120 sets up a private blockchain infrastructure. Atstep 3 of the workflow, the IB 120 defines negotiation and exchangepolicies that govern the exchange of resources via transactions to beexecuted via the private blockchain infrastructure. At step 4 of theworkflow, the IB 120 implements the policies defined in step 3 via smartcontracts (e.g. SCs 132) and publication of transactions on theblockchain (e.g. the consortium blockchain 130). At step 5 of theworkflow, the IB 120 admits new tenants to the consortium and executesregistration procedures for the new tenants. At step 6 of the workflow,the tenants consortium 150 engages in multi-resource negotiationprocedures and propose resource ownership transactions, and at step 7the tenants consortium 150 and the IB 120 collectively performvalidation of proposed transactions by way of a consensus algorithm(e.g. the consensus algorithm 134). Finally, at step 8 of the workflow,the InP 110 enforces the outcome of the negotiation and validationprocess carried out at steps 6 and 7.

FIG. 3a illustrates a simplified structure of a resource advertisementmessage 310 according to an embodiment of the invention. The resourcerequest or resource advertisement message 310 illustrated in FIG. 3aincludes a signature 311 of a tenant that sends the message and messagecontent 312. The message content 312 includes a timestamp 313, a publickey 314 of the tenant sending the message, a resource advertisement 315(e.g. an identifier of the specific resources being advertised), amessage ID 316, an amount of resources advertised 317 (e.g. a numberand/or period of time for which the advertised resources can beacquired), and metadata 318.

FIG. 3b illustrates a simplified structure of a resource request messageaccording to an embodiment of the invention. The resource requestmessage 320 illustrated in FIG. 3b includes a signature 321 of a tenantthat sends the message and message content 322. The message content 322includes a timestamp 323, a public key 324 of the tenant sending themessage, a resource request 325 (e.g. an identification ofcharacteristics of desired resources), a message ID 326, an amount ofresources requested 327 (e.g. a number and/or period of time for whichthe desired resources are desired to be acquired for), and metadata 328.

FIG. 3c illustrates a simplified structure of a transaction proposalmessage according to an embodiment of the invention. The transactionproposal message 330 illustrated in FIG. 3c includes a signature 331 ofa tenant or a smart contract (SC) that sends the transaction proposaland transaction proposal content 332. The transaction proposal content332 includes a timestamp 333, a public key 334 of the tenant or SC thatsends the transaction proposal, a resource exchange 335 (e.g. anidentification of the resources being exchanged, possibly includingadditional transaction details), a request message ID 336 of the requestmessage and a response ID 337 of a message responding to the resourcerequest, an identification of the tenant from which resources are beingprovided and the tenant from which resources are being received 338, aresult 339, and metadata 340.

FIG. 4 illustrates a consortium blockchain according to an embodiment ofthe invention via which transfer of ownership of a resource set from onetenant to another can be executed. The consortium blockchain (e.g. theconsortium blockchain 130) includes an instance located at anintermediate broker domain 402, an instance located at a Tenant 1 domain404 (which includes peer node 404 a), an instance located at a Tenant 2domain 406 (which includes peer node 406 a), and an instance located ata Tenant 3 domain 408 (which includes peer node 408 a). The consortiumblockchain further includes a plurality of orderer nodes 410.Collectively, the orderer nodes 410 collect and order, by time, thetransactions proposed by the peer nodes 404 a, 406 a, 408 a. The peernodes 404 a, 406 a, 408 a also collectively execute a consensusalgorithm via which resource exchange transactions proposed and acceptedby pairs of the individual peer nodes 404 a, 406 a, 408 a can bevalidated. Each of the peer nodes 404 a, 406 a, 408 a and the orderernodes 410 can be, e.g., a computing system.

FIG. 5 illustrates a process for performing dynamic resource ownershiptransfer among network slice tenants. The process illustrated in FIG. 5can be executed, e.g., by an IB that is located, e.g., at a networkresource management server of an InP. At 510, an initial allocation ofnetwork resources is communicated to the IB. For example, a resourceregistry identifying available network resources and a tenant to whicheach of the available resources is received by the IB. Tenants to whicheach of the available resources are assigned can be indicated, e.g., byan identification number or some other identifier. The identificationnumber or identifier can either be or be associated with a tenant publickey. The resource registry can further indicate, for each tenant, aninitially assigned amount of radio access, transport, and core cloudresources, e.g. in the form of physical resource blocks, transportbandwidth, CPU power and RAM, respectively.

At 520, the IB creates a consortium blockchain. The consortiumblockchain includes a tenant access application that provides access tothe blockchain to a plurality of tenants. The consortium blockchainadditionally includes a plurality of smart contracts, i.e. softwareimplementations of IB transaction policies. The smart contracts can beused to guarantee that proposed transactions do not violate anyestablished resource allocation policies. In addition, the smartcontracts can be used to define specific transaction schemes, e.g.auction-based, for managing multiple resource advertisements andresource requests. Finally, the consortium blockchain includes aconsensus algorithm that is utilized to validate proposed transactionsand achieve consensus across all nodes on the order and identity ofcompleted transactions. Specifically, once a transaction proposal isissued, e.g. by a smart contract, it is up to the overall tenantconsortium to validate it, i.e., guarantee that transacting partiesactually own the resources they are exchanging. This can be done lookingat the information included in the blockchain, i.e. the history of allthe transactions that have occurred from the moment the first block wasdeployed up through the present.

At 530, the IB deploys the first block of the consortium blockchain. Thefirst block of the consortium blockchain includes the resourceregistry—or a portion thereof—received by the IB at 510. At 540, tenantsissue resource requests and resource advertisements, e.g. to the tenantaccess application. At 550, the tenant access application executes oneor more smart contracts that receive the resource requests and resourceadvertisements as inputs, verify that transactions based on the resourcerequests and the resource advertisements will not violate anyestablished resource allocation policies, and issue transactionproposals that correspond to, e.g., a single resource advertisement anda single resource request. The transaction proposals are broadcast tothe consortium blockchain.

At 560, the consortium, i.e. the tenants and any other participatingnodes, e.g. the IB itself, utilizes the consensus algorithm to validatethe proposed transactions. At 570, a new block is established thatincludes the validated transactions. At 580, the IB transmits the newblock to the InP thereby providing a set of network resourcereassignments to be implemented.

FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrates the exchange of resource advertisement (601a, 601 b), resource request (602 a, 602 b), and transaction proposalmessages (603 a, 603 b) according to embodiments. In FIG. 6a , a smartcontract 604 is employed to manage multiple resource advertisement andrequest messages. In FIG. 6a , the smart contract issues transactionproposals for validation by the consortium. In FIG. 6b , tenantsdirectly exchange resource request and resource advertisement messagesand issue transaction proposals for validation by the consortiumblockchain. In both FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b , the process ends with atransaction proposal message that identifies a current owner (or owners)of resources to be exchanged in a transaction and the beneficiary of thetransaction. Should the transaction proposal be validated by theconsortium of tenants, the proposed transaction will be inserted in thenext block (605 a, 605 b) of the blockchain and made available to allthe private network thus empowering the final resource ownershipexchange. In this regard, tenants will be indirectly notified of asuccessful outcome of their transaction proposal by monitoring thecontent of the new block of the blockchain, which will contain (or notcontain) a reference to their proposed transaction.

Referring to FIG. 7, a processing system 700 can include one or moreprocessors 702, memory 704, one or more input/output devices 706, one ormore sensors 708, one or more user interfaces 710, and one or moreactuators 712. Processing system 700 can be representative of eachcomputing system disclosed herein.

Processors 702 can include one or more distinct processors, each havingone or more cores. Each of the distinct processors can have the same ordifferent structure. Processors 702 can include one or more centralprocessing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs),circuitry (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)),digital signal processors (DSPs), and the like. Processors 702 can bemounted to a common substrate or to multiple different substrates.

Processors 702 are configured to perform a certain function, method, oroperation (e.g., are configured to provide for performance of afunction, method, or operation) at least when one of the one or more ofthe distinct processors is capable of performing operations embodyingthe function, method, or operation. Processors 702 can performoperations embodying the function, method, or operation by, for example,executing code (e.g., interpreting scripts) stored on memory 704 and/ortrafficking data through one or more ASICs. Processors 702, and thusprocessing system 700, can be configured to perform, automatically, anyand all functions, methods, and operations disclosed herein. Therefore,processing system 700 can be configured to implement any of (e.g., allof) the protocols, devices, mechanisms, systems, and methods describedherein.

For example, when the present disclosure states that a method or deviceperforms task “X” (or that task “X” is performed), such a statementshould be understood to disclose that processing system 700 can beconfigured to perform task “X”. Processing system 700 is configured toperform a function, method, or operation at least when processors 702are configured to do the same.

Memory 704 can include volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and anyother medium capable of storing data. Each of the volatile memory,non-volatile memory, and any other type of memory can include multipledifferent memory devices, located at multiple distinct locations andeach having a different structure. Memory 704 can include remotelyhosted (e.g., cloud) storage.

Examples of memory 704 include a non-transitory computer-readable mediasuch as RAM, ROM, flash memory, EEPROM, any kind of optical storage disksuch as a DVD, a Blu-Ray® disc, magnetic storage, holographic storage, aHDD, a SSD, any medium that can be used to store program code in theform of instructions or data structures, and the like. Any and all ofthe methods, functions, and operations described herein can be fullyembodied in the form of tangible and/or non-transitory machine-readablecode (e.g., interpretable scripts) saved in memory 704.

Input-output devices 706 can include any component for trafficking datasuch as ports, antennas (i.e., transceivers), printed conductive paths,and the like. Input-output devices 706 can enable wired communicationvia USB®, DisplayPort®, HDMI®, Ethernet, and the like. Input-outputdevices 706 can enable electronic, optical, magnetic, and holographic,communication with suitable memory 706. Input-output devices 706 canenable wireless communication via WiFi®, Bluetooth®, cellular (e.g.,LTE®, CDMA®, GSM®, WiMax®, NFC®), GPS, and the like. Input-outputdevices 706 can include wired and/or wireless communication pathways.

Sensors 708 can capture physical measurements of environment and reportthe same to processors 702. User interface 710 can include displays,physical buttons, speakers, microphones, keyboards, and the like.Actuators 712 can enable processors 702 to control mechanical forces.

Processing system 700 can be distributed. For example, some componentsof processing system 700 can reside in a remote hosted network service(e.g., a cloud computing environment) while other components ofprocessing system 700 can reside in a local computing system. Processingsystem 700 can have a modular design where certain modules include aplurality of the features/functions shown in FIG. 7. For example, I/Omodules can include volatile memory and one or more processors. Asanother example, individual processor modules can includeread-only-memory and/or local caches.

While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and describedin detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustrationand description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and notrestrictive. It will be understood that changes and modifications may bemade by those of ordinary skill within the scope of the followingclaims. In particular, the present invention covers further embodimentswith any combination of features from different embodiments describedabove and below. Additionally, statements made herein characterizing theinvention refer to an embodiment of the invention and not necessarilyall embodiments.

The terms used in the claims should be construed to have the broadestreasonable interpretation consistent with the foregoing description. Forexample, the use of the article “a” or “the” in introducing an elementshould not be interpreted as being exclusive of a plurality of elements.Likewise, the recitation of “or” should be interpreted as beinginclusive, such that the recitation of “A or B” is not exclusive of “Aand B,” unless it is clear from the context or the foregoing descriptionthat only one of A and B is intended. Further, the recitation of “atleast one of A, B and C” should be interpreted as one or more of a groupof elements consisting of A, B and C, and should not be interpreted asrequiring at least one of each of the listed elements A, B and C,regardless of whether A, B and C are related as categories or otherwise.Moreover, the recitation of “A, B and/or C” or “at least one of A, B orC” should be interpreted as including any singular entity from thelisted elements, e.g., A, any subset from the listed elements, e.g., Aand B, or the entire list of elements A, B and C.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for enabling dynamic resource ownershiptransfer among network slice tenants, the method comprising: acquiringan initial share of resources; admitting a plurality of tenants to aprivate blockchain platform; initiating a resource transaction processwithin a consortium of peer nodes; and validating proposed transactionsin a distributed and automatized way, wherein an infrastructure provider(InP) provides a mobile network that is virtually divided into a set ofslices, wherein an intermediate broker (IB) regulates transactions,executed via a blockchain, by which resources are distributed betweentenants, wherein a smart contract (SC) running within the blockchainimplements resource auditing among tenants and enforces IB-specificpolicies in managing transfers of the resources between the tenants,wherein a consensus algorithm validates the transactions, and whereinthe infrastructure provider (InP) processes validated transactions andenforces transaction directives in the resource allocation process. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein acquiring an initial share of resourcesfrom the InP includes receiving a resource registry from the InP.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein admitting the plurality of tenants to theprivate blockchain platform includes creating a first block of a privateblockchain of the private blockchain platform, wherein the resourceregistry reflects the initial share of resources received from the InP.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the private blockchain platformincludes smart contracts, a consensus algorithm, and a tenant accessapplication.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the smart contractsfacilitate the resource transaction process in a manner that ensuresthat no resource allocation policies are violated.
 6. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the resource transaction process is initiated byreceiving, via the tenant access application, at least one of: aplurality of resource advertisement and resource request messages. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein tenants indicate, via the tenant accessapplication, at least one of consent: to acquire advertised resourcesand to provide requested resources, in response to the at least oneresource advertisement or resource request messages, thereby initiatingsmart contracts.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the initiated smartcontracts generate transaction response messages.
 9. The method of claim8, wherein the transaction response messages include a message ID thatidentifies a resource advertisement or resource request message and apublic key of a tenant that indicated consent to acquire the advertisedresources or provide requested resources in response to the resourceadvertisement or resource request message.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the transaction response message further includes a response IDand a timestamp.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the consensusalgorithm is specified in the private blockchain platform.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the consensus algorithm is partial ByzantineFault Tolerance (pBFT) or Kafka.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein theresources comprise radio access resources and cloud computing resources.14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of the transactionsexecuted via the blockchain causes at least two of the tenants toexchange radio access resources.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein theat least two tenants exchange the radio access resources based on the atleast one transaction after the blockchain has validated the transactionby establishing a new block that includes the validated transaction. 16.A method for enabling dynamic resource ownership transfer among networkslice tenants, the method comprising: acquiring an initial share ofresources; admitting a plurality of tenants to a private blockchainplatform; initiating a resource transaction process within a consortiumof peer nodes; and validating proposed transactions in a distributed andautomatized way, wherein an infrastructure provider (InP) provides amobile network that is virtually divided into a set of slices, whereinan intermediate broker (IB) regulates transactions, executed via ablockchain, by which resources are distributed between tenants, whereina smart contract (SC) running within the blockchain implements resourceauditing among tenants and enforces IB-specific policies in managingtransfers of the resources between the tenants, wherein a consensusalgorithm validates the transactions, wherein the infrastructureprovider (InP) processes validated transactions and enforces transactiondirectives in the resource allocation process, wherein the privateblockchain platform includes smart contracts, a consensus algorithm, anda tenant access application, wherein the resource transaction process isinitiated by receiving, via the tenant access application, at least oneof: a plurality of resource advertisement and resource request messages,and wherein, the at least one resource advertisement or resource requestmessages, includes a public key of a tenant who issued the message. 17.A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon computerexecutable instructions for performing a method for enabling dynamicresource ownership transfer among network slice tenants, the methodcomprising: acquiring an initial share of resources; admitting aplurality of tenants to a private blockchain platform; initiating aresource transaction process within a consortium of peer nodes; andvalidating proposed transactions in a distributed and automatized way,wherein an infrastructure provider (InP) provides a mobile network thatis virtually divided into a set of slices, wherein an intermediatebroker (IB) regulates transactions, executed via a blockchain, by whichresources are distributed between tenants, wherein a smart contract (SC)running within the blockchain implements resource auditing among tenantsand enforces IB-specific policies in managing transfers of the resourcesbetween the tenants, wherein a consensus algorithm validates thetransactions, and wherein the infrastructure provider (InP) processesvalidated transactions and enforces transaction directives in theresource allocation process.
 18. A resource allocation server configuredto perform the method of claim
 1. 19. A resource allocation serverconfigured to perform the method of claim 16.